I have a anroid phone, HTC X one. Its very nice mobile and working nice for me. It have 3 physical buttons on the bottom.
Visit of Saritow Spinning Mills Ltd's Power Plant
Visit of Saritow Textile Mills Ltd Power Plant
Pakistan is facing worst blackouts of the history due to a large
difference of production and consumption of power. They are becoming more and
more worse with time. These blackouts are specially affecting industries so a
lot of industries are installing their own small scale gas or oil fired power
plants to meet their energy needs. Although this adds extra cost to purchase
and maintain their own plants but still severe black outs encourages and even
small industrialists are making their own power plants.
Arduino UNO as in circuit programmer for AVR
How to use Arduino as AVR
programmer
Atmega series Micro controllers have several benefits like its open source, easy to use, available in a large different types, cheap and most important one, it is easy to begin. It have wide variety of boards available called arduino which are easy to start things. Specially if you are programmer and know a little about electrical then it is a blessing for you. Although it can help you to begin but these are not appropriate for Electrical engineers as they have a lot of essential things skipped or being done under the hood. But still it is of great help if you start with Arduino, so I come with a "cost effective" solution. Yeah! I find out a way to use Arduino programmer to program Atmega Micro controllers. So start with Arduino and slowly switch down to atmega. You don't need a stand alone programmer. So in short, 2 in 1 package.
>> Pre Requisites: Installed WinAVR and compiled hex file of the code
Step 1:
See
board configuration. Note Com port number and Programmer.
Step 2:
Choose
ArduinoISP from examples and burn it on Arduino.
Step 3:
Connect circuit like this
pin
name: not-mega: mega(1280 and 2560)
slave
reset: 10: 53
MOSI: 11: 51
MISO: 12: 50
SCK: 13: 52
Step 4:
Open
command prompt and write AVRdude (It will be already installed if you have
installed WinAVR ) otherwise install it and open command prompt and write
following command…
avrdude
-p m8 -P com11 -c avrisp -b 19200
>> Here after –p
is name of Microcontroller.
Following
are atmegas and their name for avrdude command
Valid
parts are:
t10 =
ATtiny10
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15443]
t8 =
ATtiny9
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15403]
t5 =
ATtiny5 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15363]
t4 =
ATtiny4
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15323]
ucr2 = 32UC3A0512
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15302]
x128a4 = ATXMEGA128A4 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15204]
x64a4 = ATXMEGA64A4
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15107]
x32a4 = ATXMEGA32A4
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15010]
x16a4 = ATXMEGA16A4
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14913]
x256a3b = ATXMEGA256A3B [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14816]
x256a3 = ATXMEGA256A3 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14719]
x192a3 = ATXMEGA192A3 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14622]
x128a3 = ATXMEGA128A3 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14525]
x64a3 = ATXMEGA64A3 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14428]
x256a1 = ATXMEGA256A1 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14331]
x192a1 = ATXMEGA192A1 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14234]
x128a1d = ATXMEGA128A1REVD
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14137]
x128a1 = ATXMEGA128A1 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14040]
x64a1 = ATXMEGA64A1
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13943]
m6450 = ATMEGA6450
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13754]
m3250 = ATMEGA3250
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13565]
m645 = ATMEGA645
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13376]
m325 = ATMEGA325
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13187]
usb82 = AT90USB82 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13007]
usb162 = AT90USB162
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12823]
usb1287 = AT90USB1287
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12634]
usb1286 = AT90USB1286
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12445]
usb647 = AT90USB647
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12257]
usb646 = AT90USB646
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12068]
m32u4 = ATmega32U4
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11880]
t84 =
ATtiny84
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11697]
t44 =
ATtiny44
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11515]
t24 =
ATtiny24
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11333]
m128rfa1 = ATMEGA128RFA1 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11145]
m2561 = ATMEGA2561 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10951]
m2560 = ATMEGA2560
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10758]
m1281 = ATMEGA1281
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10570]
m1280 = ATMEGA1280
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10381]
m640 = ATMEGA640
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10193]
t85 =
ATtiny85
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10012]
t45 =
ATtiny45
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9833]
t25 =
ATtiny25
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9653]
pwm3b = AT90PWM3B
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9472]
pwm2b = AT90PWM2B
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9289]
pwm3 = AT90PWM3
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9106]
pwm2 = AT90PWM2 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8922]
t2313 = ATtiny2313
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8735]
m328p = ATMEGA328P
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8547]
t88 =
attiny88
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8361]
m168 = ATMEGA168
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8173]
m88 =
ATMEGA88
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7987]
m48 =
ATMEGA48
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7800]
t861 = ATTINY861 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7612]
t461 = ATTINY461
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7423]
t261 = ATTINY261
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7234]
t26 =
ATTINY26
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7077]
m8535 = ATMEGA8535 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6919]
m8515 = ATMEGA8515
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6761]
m8 =
ATMEGA8
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6600]
m161 = ATMEGA161
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6460]
m32 =
ATMEGA32 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6285]
m6490 = ATMEGA6490
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6092]
m649 = ATMEGA649
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5907]
m3290p = ATMEGA3290P [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5724]
m3290 = ATMEGA3290
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5539]
m329p = ATMEGA329P
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5354]
m329 = ATMEGA329
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5170]
m169 = ATMEGA169 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4990]
m163 = ATMEGA163
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4832]
m162 = ATMEGA162
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4636]
m1284p = ATMEGA1284P [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4446]
m644p = ATMEGA644P [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4254]
m644 = ATMEGA644
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4064]
m324p = ATMEGA324P
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3873]
m164p = ATMEGA164P
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3682]
m16 =
ATMEGA16
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3504]
c32 =
AT90CAN32
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3313]
c64 =
AT90CAN64
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3123]
c128 = AT90CAN128 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2933]
m128 = ATMEGA128
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2755]
m64 =
ATMEGA64
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2574]
m103 = ATMEGA103
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2434]
8535 = AT90S8535 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2313]
8515 = AT90S8515
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2199]
4434 = AT90S4434
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2116]
4433 = AT90S4433
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1992]
2343 = AT90S2343 [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1868]
2333 = AT90S2333
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1740]
2313 = AT90S2313
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1627]
4414 = AT90S4414
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1514]
1200 = AT90S1200
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1399]
t15 =
ATtiny15
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1266]
t13 =
ATtiny13
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1093]
t12 =
ATtiny12
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:960]
t11 =
ATtiny11
[C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:896]
>>
Then after –P are name of com port on
which your Arduino is connected.
>>After
–c is name of compiler which in this
case is avrisp or you can also Arduino
If
screen like following appears then it means your Arduino is ready to use like
programmer..
Now you
can burn your code using following command
$
avrdude -p m8 -P com11 -c avrisp -b 19200 -U flash:w:main.hex
Possible errors:
1)Device
signature not found. Once it was 0 ×ffffff which is possibly due to dead chip and another time it was 0 ×00000 possibly due to external or internal oscillator
A simple Digital CRO (exaggeration)
Idea behind this simple
concept is to use Arduino’s serial communication and MATLAB’s serial port
function to draw a signal on your computer.
So for generation of signal, I simply use a photo resistor that will
vary input voltage according to light incident on it. Arduino code is as
below..
Arduino code:
//This code is used to generate a signal and then signal in converted into digital using sampling...
//This code is used to generate a signal and then signal in converted into digital using sampling...
/* Simple Digital CRO using MARTLAB to draw signals. This signal
will be sent on com11 pot where MATLAB will read it and plot it..
----------------------------------------------------
PhotoR 10K
+5 o---/\/\/--.--/\/\/---o GND
|
Pin 0 o-----------
----------------------------------------------------
*/
int SensorPin = 0;
//define a pin for Photo resistor
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //Begin
serial communcation
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(analogRead(SensorPin));
//Write the value of the photoresistor to the serial monitor.
}
MATLAB code:
clear all
clc
arduino=serial('COM11','BaudRate',9600);
fopen(arduino);
x=linspace(1,100);
for i=1:length(x)
y(i)=fscanf(arduino,'%d');
end
fclose(arduino);
disp('making
plot..')
plot(x,y);
Results:
Some other results:
A servo motor input from controller mapped in simple DCRO
Pulse train
Limitations:
This is not very precise 'cause we are just using digital pins of ARDUINO, if we use analog pins, and sampling with baud rate of 9600 can give us even more precise output.
These results were tested when input is no more than 5 volt (Maximum Voltage arduino can bear), if we wanna make it to test for any voltage we need some circuitry to limit current and voltages just as we use in Multi meter.
Possible errors:
Solution:
Don’t use any device that uses serial
pin on which arduino is connected. Like don’t open serial monitor of ARDUINO IDE like this..
Average Monthly energy from solar Insolation for Gujranwala
Estimated Energy Delivered by a 1-kW (dc, STC) PV
Array in Gujranwala, Using Average Maximum Monthly Temperatures to Compute
Performance Degradation.
Monthly Temperature for Gujranwala:
 | |
It was considered that with every increase in 1C temp, dc power decreases by .5%
Month
|
Insolation
(kWh/m^2-day) |
Avg Max
Temp(◦C) |
Cell Temp .(◦C)
|
Array dc
Power (kW) |
Array ac
Power (kW) |
Energy
(kWh/mo) |
January
|
2.6
|
19.1
|
52.85
|
0.86075
|
0.721377
|
684.58711
|
February
|
3.76
|
22.1
|
55.85
|
0.84575
|
0.708806
|
972.76557
|
March
|
5.05
|
27.4
|
61.15
|
0.81925
|
0.686597
|
1265.57
|
April
|
6.01
|
33.7
|
67.45
|
0.78775
|
0.660198
|
1448.2423
|
May
|
7.13
|
39
|
72.75
|
0.76125
|
0.637988
|
1660.3329
|
June
|
6.99
|
40.8
|
74.55
|
0.75225
|
0.630446
|
1608.4876
|
July
|
6.47
|
36.1
|
69.85
|
0.77575
|
0.650141
|
1535.3394
|
August
|
5.88
|
34.6
|
68.35
|
0.78325
|
0.656426
|
1408.8218
|
September
|
5.57
|
35
|
68.75
|
0.78125
|
0.65475
|
1331.1395
|
October
|
4.75
|
33
|
66.75
|
0.79125
|
0.663131
|
1149.703
|
November
|
3.65
|
27
|
60.75
|
0.82125
|
0.688273
|
916.95197
|
December
|
2.9
|
21.2
|
54.95
|
0.85025
|
0.712578
|
754.2633
|
Refrences:
Temperature:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala
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