Arduino UNO as in circuit programmer for AVR

How to use Arduino as AVR programmer
Atmega series Micro controllers  have several benefits like its open source, easy to use, available in a large different types, cheap and most important one, it is easy to begin. It have wide variety of boards available called arduino which are easy to start things. Specially if you are programmer and know a little about electrical then it is a blessing for you. Although it can help you to begin but these are not appropriate for Electrical engineers as they have a lot of essential things skipped or being done under the hood. But still it is of great help if you start with Arduino, so I come with a "cost effective" solution. Yeah! I find out a way to use Arduino programmer to program Atmega Micro controllers. So start with Arduino and slowly switch down to atmega. You don't need a stand alone programmer. So in short, 2 in 1 package.



>> Pre Requisites: Installed WinAVR and compiled hex file of the code
Step 1:
See board configuration. Note Com port number and Programmer.




Step 2:
Choose ArduinoISP from examples and burn it on Arduino.

Step 3:
Connect circuit like this
pin name:    not-mega:         mega(1280 and 2560)
slave reset: 10:               53
MOSI:        11:               51
MISO:        12:               50
SCK:         13:               52


Step 4:
Open command prompt and write AVRdude (It will be already installed if you have installed WinAVR ) otherwise install it and open command prompt and write following command…
avrdude -p m8 -P com11 -c avrisp -b 19200
>> Here after –p is name  of Microcontroller.

Following are atmegas and their name for avrdude command
Valid parts are:
  t10  = ATtiny10        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15443]
  t8   = ATtiny9         [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15403]
  t5   = ATtiny5         [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15363]
  t4   = ATtiny4         [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15323]
  ucr2 = 32UC3A0512      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15302]
  x128a4 = ATXMEGA128A4    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15204]
  x64a4 = ATXMEGA64A4     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15107]
  x32a4 = ATXMEGA32A4     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:15010]
  x16a4 = ATXMEGA16A4     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14913]
  x256a3b = ATXMEGA256A3B   [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14816]
  x256a3 = ATXMEGA256A3    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14719]
  x192a3 = ATXMEGA192A3    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14622]
  x128a3 = ATXMEGA128A3    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14525]
  x64a3 = ATXMEGA64A3     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14428]
  x256a1 = ATXMEGA256A1    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14331]
  x192a1 = ATXMEGA192A1    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14234]
  x128a1d = ATXMEGA128A1REVD [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14137]
  x128a1 = ATXMEGA128A1    [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:14040]
  x64a1 = ATXMEGA64A1     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13943]
  m6450 = ATMEGA6450      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13754]
  m3250 = ATMEGA3250      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13565]
  m645 = ATMEGA645       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13376]
  m325 = ATMEGA325       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13187]
  usb82 = AT90USB82       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:13007]
  usb162 = AT90USB162      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12823]
  usb1287 = AT90USB1287     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12634]
  usb1286 = AT90USB1286     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12445]
  usb647 = AT90USB647      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12257]
  usb646 = AT90USB646      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:12068]
  m32u4 = ATmega32U4      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11880]
  t84  = ATtiny84        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11697]
  t44  = ATtiny44        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11515]
  t24  = ATtiny24        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11333]
  m128rfa1 = ATMEGA128RFA1   [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:11145]
  m2561 = ATMEGA2561      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10951]
  m2560 = ATMEGA2560      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10758]
  m1281 = ATMEGA1281      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10570]
  m1280 = ATMEGA1280      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10381]
  m640 = ATMEGA640       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10193]
  t85  = ATtiny85        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:10012]
  t45  = ATtiny45        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9833]
  t25  = ATtiny25        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9653]
  pwm3b = AT90PWM3B       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9472]
  pwm2b = AT90PWM2B       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9289]
  pwm3 = AT90PWM3        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:9106]
  pwm2 = AT90PWM2        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8922]
  t2313 = ATtiny2313      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8735]
  m328p = ATMEGA328P      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8547]
  t88  = attiny88        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8361]
  m168 = ATMEGA168       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:8173]
  m88  = ATMEGA88        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7987]
  m48  = ATMEGA48        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7800]
  t861 = ATTINY861       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7612]
  t461 = ATTINY461       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7423]
  t261 = ATTINY261       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7234]
  t26  = ATTINY26        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:7077]
  m8535 = ATMEGA8535      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6919]
  m8515 = ATMEGA8515      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6761]
  m8   = ATMEGA8         [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6600]
  m161 = ATMEGA161       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6460]
  m32  = ATMEGA32        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6285]
  m6490 = ATMEGA6490      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:6092]
  m649 = ATMEGA649       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5907]
  m3290p = ATMEGA3290P     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5724]
  m3290 = ATMEGA3290      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5539]
  m329p = ATMEGA329P      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5354]
  m329 = ATMEGA329       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:5170]
  m169 = ATMEGA169       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4990]
  m163 = ATMEGA163       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4832]
  m162 = ATMEGA162       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4636]
  m1284p = ATMEGA1284P     [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4446]
  m644p = ATMEGA644P      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4254]
  m644 = ATMEGA644       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:4064]
  m324p = ATMEGA324P      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3873]
  m164p = ATMEGA164P      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3682]
  m16  = ATMEGA16        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3504]
  c32  = AT90CAN32       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3313]
  c64  = AT90CAN64       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:3123]
  c128 = AT90CAN128      [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2933]
  m128 = ATMEGA128       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2755]
  m64  = ATMEGA64        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2574]
  m103 = ATMEGA103       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2434]
  8535 = AT90S8535       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2313]
  8515 = AT90S8515       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2199]
  4434 = AT90S4434       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:2116]
  4433 = AT90S4433       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1992]
  2343 = AT90S2343       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1868]
  2333 = AT90S2333       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1740]
  2313 = AT90S2313       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1627]
  4414 = AT90S4414       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1514]
  1200 = AT90S1200       [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1399]
  t15  = ATtiny15        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1266]
  t13  = ATtiny13        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:1093]
  t12  = ATtiny12        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:960]
  t11  = ATtiny11        [C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf:896]

>> Then after –P  are name of com port on which your Arduino is connected.
>>After –c  is name of compiler which in this case is avrisp or you can also Arduino 

If screen like following appears then it means your Arduino is ready to use like programmer..


Now you can burn your code using following command
$ avrdude -p m8 -P com11 -c avrisp -b 19200 -U flash:w:main.hex


Possible errors:

1)Device signature not found. Once it was 0 ×ffffff which is possibly due to dead chip and another time it was 0 ×00000 possibly due to external or internal oscillator 
Reference:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP
http://www.instructables.com/id/Turn-Your-Arduino-Into-an-ISP/

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A simple Digital CRO (exaggeration)

A simple Digital CRO using Arduino
Idea behind this simple concept is to use Arduino’s serial communication and MATLAB’s serial port function to draw a signal on your computer.  So for generation of signal, I simply use a photo resistor that will vary input voltage according to light incident on it. Arduino code is as below..
Arduino code:
//This code is used to generate a signal and then signal in converted into digital using sampling...
/* Simple Digital CRO using MARTLAB to draw signals. This signal will be sent on com11 pot where MATLAB will read it and plot it..
----------------------------------------------------

           PhotoR     10K
 +5    o---/\/\/--.--/\/\/---o GND
                  |
 Pin 0 o-----------

----------------------------------------------------
*/

int SensorPin = 0;  //define a pin for Photo resistor


void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(9600);  //Begin serial communcation
   
}

void loop()
{
    Serial.println(analogRead(SensorPin)); //Write the value of the photoresistor to the serial monitor.
  
}

MATLAB code:
clear all
clc

arduino=serial('COM11','BaudRate',9600);

fopen(arduino);

x=linspace(1,100);
  
for i=1:length(x)
    y(i)=fscanf(arduino,'%d');
end
   
fclose(arduino);
disp('making plot..')
plot(x,y);

Results:

Some other results:

A servo motor input from controller mapped in simple DCRO
Pulse train


Limitations: 
This is not very precise 'cause we are just using digital pins of ARDUINO, if we use analog pins, and sampling with baud rate of 9600 can give us even more precise output. 

These results were tested when input is no more than 5 volt (Maximum Voltage arduino can bear), if we wanna make it to test for any voltage we need some circuitry to limit current and voltages just as we use in Multi meter. 

 Possible errors:


Solution:
Don’t use any device that uses serial pin on which arduino is connected. Like don’t open serial monitor of  ARDUINO IDE like this..
Also take care of  baud rate and  also select correct port both in Arduino IDE and MATLAB code. You  can check port number where arduino is connected using device manger.




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Average Monthly energy from solar Insolation for Gujranwala


Estimated Energy Delivered by a 1-kW (dc, STC) PV Array in Gujranwala, Using Average Maximum Monthly Temperatures to Compute Performance Degradation.

Monthly Temperature for Gujranwala:




It was considered that with every increase in 1C temp, dc power decreases by .5%
Month
Insolation
(kWh/m^2-day)
Avg Max
Temp(◦C)
Cell Temp .(◦C)
Array dc
Power
(kW)
Array ac
Power
(kW)
Energy
(kWh/mo)
January
2.6
19.1
52.85
0.86075
0.721377
684.58711
February
3.76
22.1
55.85
0.84575
0.708806
972.76557
March
5.05
27.4
61.15
0.81925
0.686597
1265.57
April
6.01
33.7
67.45
0.78775
0.660198
1448.2423
May
7.13
39
72.75
0.76125
0.637988
1660.3329
June
6.99
40.8
74.55
0.75225
0.630446
1608.4876
July
6.47
36.1
69.85
0.77575
0.650141
1535.3394
August
5.88
34.6
68.35
0.78325
0.656426
1408.8218
September
5.57
35
68.75
0.78125
0.65475
1331.1395
October
4.75
33
66.75
0.79125
0.663131
1149.703
November
3.65
27
60.75
0.82125
0.688273
916.95197
December
2.9
21.2
54.95
0.85025
0.712578
754.2633











Refrences:
Solar Insolation: http://www.synergyenviron.com/tools/solar_insolation.asp?loc=Gujranwala

Temperature:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala
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